Which factors affect vitamin K levels in humans?

Vitamin K levels in humans are significantly influenced by the use of anticoagulants and the presence of certain antibodies. Anticoagulants, particularly those like warfarin, work by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is crucial for synthesizing certain blood clotting factors. When individuals take these medications, their ability to utilize vitamin K can be affected, leading to variations in vitamin K levels and consequently impacting blood clotting processes.

Antibodies, particularly those that are part of the immune response, can also influence vitamin K metabolism, though this connection is less direct compared to the effect of anticoagulants. Certain conditions that trigger the immune system can affect the gut's ability to absorb vitamin K, as most vitamin K is obtained through dietary sources or produced by the gut microbiome.

In contrast, iodine and water-soluble vitamins do not have a direct effect on vitamin K levels. Iodine primarily influences thyroid function and metabolism, while water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins B and C, are not involved in the metabolism or utilization of vitamin K. Gluten is primarily associated with celiac disease and other gastrointestinal conditions, but it does not inherently affect vitamin K levels in the body. Therefore, the factors that specifically impact vitamin K levels are